Which of the following statements is TRUE about Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory?
A. All social relationships are unidirectional.
B. Development is controlled by environmental forces.
C. Social networks have little influence on child development.
D. Social settings in the exosystem do not contain children.
D. Option A is not true because microsystem is bi-directional. Option B is not because development is also affected by children’s personality. IQ and other innate characteristics. Option C is not because social networks do have a great influence on child’s development. Only Option D is correct.
Twelve-year-old Kevin lives in a country with very low governmental standards for public education. As a result, he is barely literate. The public policies that impact Kevin’s education are part of the _____________.
A. chronosystem
B. macrosystem
C. mesosystem
D. microsystem
B. According to Bronfenbrenner, macrosystem describes the culture in which individuals live. Cultural contexts include developing and industrialized countries, socioeconomic status, poverty, and ethnicity.
A young child might be heard saying. “The sun is smiling at me.” The child’s belief that the sun has “human” qualities and is capable of action is referred to as:
A. animism
B. conservation
C. humanism
D. seriation
A. Animism is a characteristic of children under Preoperational stage which refers to the belief that inanimate objects are capable of actions and have lifelike qualities.
Eight-year old Jestoni has a difficult time making friends at school. He has trouble compelling his schoolwork accurately and on time, and as a result, receives little positive feedback from his teacher and parents. According to Erikson’s theory, failure at this stage of development results in ___________?
A. a sense of guilt
B. a poor sense of self
C. feelings of inferiority
D. feelings of Mistrust
C. Under the stage Industry vs. Inferiority, children who are encouraged and commended by parents and teachers develop a feeling of competence and a sense of industry. Those who receive little or no encouragement from parents, teachers, or peers will doubt their ability to be successful.
Elizabeth and Reynan have one child and want to adopt a second. Since their first child’s infancy had been extremely difficult on Elizabeth, she was excited at the possibility of adopting an older child, perhaps a well-behaved, toilet-trained 3 year-old and skipping the infancy period entirely. Reynan, on the other hand, had serious misgivings, not knowing the impact of quality care giving and relationships in the child’s early life. If this will be the case, what Erikson’s stage could lead to irreparable damage in later development of the adopted child?
A. Intimacy vs. Isolation
B. Identify vs. Role Confusion
C. Trust vs. Mistrust
D. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
C. The first stage in Psychosocial Theory is Trust vs. Mistrust (0-2 yrs). According to Erikson, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child’s caregivers. If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for.
Mr. Sanchez, in planning his lessons, wants to base much of his instructional approach on Lev Vygotsky’s theory of “zone of proximal development” In accordance with this theory, which of the following strategies would best support learning for Lea, a 13-year old girl?
A. Having her work alone in a quite atmosphere where she can access reference material appropriate to her grade level.
B. Giving her many opportunities for practice, thereby reinforcing the skills and concepts that she has already mastered.
C. Having her work with another student whose skill and concept levels are slightly more advanced than hers.
D. Having her use of manipulatives and technology that are readily available.
C. Vygotsky suggested that children’s cognitive development is fostered by interactions with people who are more capable or advanced in their thinking like teachers, parents or more capable peers.
Fredo often experiences intense feelings of anger and frustration. In order to cope with these feeling, he enrolls in a kickboxing class as an outlet for his emotions. Jess’s actions are an example of which type of defense mechanism?
A. Sublimation
B. Projection
C. Displacement
D. Repression
A. Sublimation is a defense mechanism in which unacceptable desire are redirected into socially accepted channels.
As an adult, Cindy is uptight and extremely rigid, often unwilling to make even small adjustments in her schedule. Cassandra is described in Freudian term as _____________.
A. anal expulsive
B. anal retentive
C. oral aggressive
D. oral receptive
B. Option C and D do not clearly relate to the question as they are under Oral Stage. In Anal Stage, according to Freud, if there are unresolved issues or fixations, the child would develop either personality; anal retentive who are described as overly neat, stingy and rigid, or anal expulsive characterized by being messy and disorganized.
If an infant is denied oral satisfaction, he/she may experience later oral symptoms such as overeating, smoking, or dependency on others. The term that best describes this is ___________.
A. anal expulsive
B. anal retentive
C. oral aggressive
D. oral receptive
D. Option A and B do not clearly relate to the question as they are under Anal Stage. In Oral Stage, according to Freud, if there are unresolved issues or fixations, the child would develop either personality: oral receptive who engages in excessive smoking, drinking alcohol, overeating, or oral aggressive characterized by biting nails, cursing, gossiping, and becoming overly demanding.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a defense mechanism?
A. “After my grandmother died, my father still set on the bed every night.”
B. “I realized that I was angry with my brother, so I sat down to talk about the issue.”
C. When questioned by a friend, the woman who was brutally raped last month answered that she was doing fine and that the entire incident has slipped her mind.
D. After the new baby was brought home, his four-year old brother threw temper tantrums and wrote all over the walls with crayons, acts he had not committed since age two.
B. Option A is denial, Option C is repression, and Option D is regression. All of these are examples of defense mechanism. Option B does not signify defense mechanism since the action shows maturity and grasp of reality.
